Internal Medicine Today
Volume:19 Issue: 3, 2013

Most of the elective and emergence cesarean sections in the world's credible treatment centers are performed under spinal anesthesia. Either spinal or general anesthesia is associated with complications. The use of spinal anesthesia is recommended because of maintaining the safety of mother and her newborn. This study aimed to determine the incidence of complications related to spinal and general anesthesia after cesarean section. This cross-sectional, analytic study was performed in 2011 on all candidate women for elective cesarean section referred to 22nd of Bahman Hospital in Gonabad city, Iran and 122 cases were selected by simple sampling method. The data were collected with a researcher-made questionnaire include the demographic, pre-operation and post-operation information. These data were analyzed with SPSS 16 and independent T and Chi square tests. There were significant relations between the incidence of sore throat (p=0.001), muscle pain (p=0.002), rapid return of pain after surgery (p=0.001) and headache (p=0.047) after cesarean section and the type of anesthesia. There was only a significant relation between headache and satisfaction of the pregnant women from cesarean section (p=0.21). There was no significant relation between the age of pregnant woman and any types of complications. The rate of sore throat, muscle pain and rapid return of pain after surgery is higher after general anesthesia than spinal anesthesia.

The aqueous extract of Ferula assa-foetida’s resin has anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects. The present study was done to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract Ferula assa-foetida’s resin on wound healing in diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 18 Wistar rats were divided into the normal control (1), diabetic control (2) and diabetics treated with aqueous extract of Ferula assa-foetida’s resin groups. In all groups, 4 wounds (4mm) was created in two lateral posterial parts of body. For 2 days, 3 times a day, the experimental group was topical treatment by extract and control group was treated by normal saline. Inflammatory cells, re-epithelization and vascularization were evaluated on the 4th, 8th and 10th day. Average thickness of the epithelium on the fourth and eighth days in group 3 compared with groups 1 and 2 and on the tenth day in group 2 compared with 1 and 3 significantly increased. Density of inflammatory cells on the fourth day in groups 1 and 3 compared with group 2 and on the eighth and tenth days in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 significantly increased. Density of blood vessels on the fourth day in groups 1 and 3 compared with group 2 and on the eighth and tenth days in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 significantly increased. Aqueous extract of Ferula assa-foetida’s resin has a great influence on the healing of diabetic ulcers by increasing epithelial cell proliferation and blood vessel formation and accelerate the inflammatory process.

The types of energetic materials that are presented to active muscles during body activities are very important. This research aimed to compare the effect of interval, continuous and parallel aerobic exercise on urea, uric acid and creatinine of urine level in 24 hours and protein catabolism of adolescents. This quasi-experimental research was performed on 12-15 year old student boys from hostelry guidance schools of Gonabad city in 2011-12 educational years and 15 individuals were chosen randomly and entered to the study. Urine samples collected 24 hours before starting exercise and immediately after finishing each exercise method for 24 hours and the level of urea, uric acid and creatinine were determined by photometric method. The protein catabolism level was calculated after each exercise. Data were entered into SPSS 19 statistical software and were analyzed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA test. The weight and body mass index of samples did not show any significant difference at the first of 3 types of exercises. There were no significant difference between the effect of one session exercise of interval, continuous and parallel aerobic activity on urea (p=0.33), uric acid (p=0.21) and creatinine of urine level in 24 hours (p=0.41) and the balance of protein catabolism (p=0.33) of adolescents. The interval, continuous and parallel aerobic exercises do not have any effect on urea, uric acid and creatinine of urine level in 24 hours and the balance of protein catabolism of adolescent between 12 to 15 years old.

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids consumed through diet reduces the production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, TNF-α by different cells. Osteoporosis increases the risk of bone fractures, particularly in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of canola in comparison to sunflower oil on serum inflammation markers in patients with osteoporosis. In a randomized clinical trial, 40 osteoporotic of bone disease center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were selected by available sampling from September 2010 to November 2012. The patients were divided into two groups of canola and sunflower oil. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software by coupled and independent T tests. In sunflower oil group, systolic blood pressure reduced significantly (p=0.001). Serum vitamin D3 was also increased significantly in canola (p=0.03) and sunflower oil groups (p=0.042) at the end of the intervention period in comparison to baseline. Changes of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α level were not significant in the end of the intervention period in comparison to baseline in both groups. The consumption of canola in comparison to sunflower oil, do not have any effect on reduction of inflammatory biomarkers in osteoporosic.

blood glucose in Iranian traditional medicine. Due to the effects of fructose on increasing glucose and creating insulin resistant (IR) models, this study aimed to compare the effect of different parts of Citrullus colocynthis extract on insulin resistant of male rats. In this experimental study, 63 adult male Wistar rats were used. After making IR with fructose 10% induced in drinking water for 8 weeks, the animals were divided into 7 (control, sham, aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of crust and seed and hydro-alcoholic extracts of pulp) groups. After separation of serums, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index were measured. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc LSD tests. Hydro-alcoholic extract of crust increased glucose in comparison with control group (p<0.05). Glucose level was decreased in aqueous extract of seed group in comparison with sham group (p<0.05). Weight was increased in aqueous extract of seed group in comparison with control (p<0.01) and sham (p<0.05) groups. Hydro-alcoholic extract of crust leads to decreasing insulin in comparison with sham group (p<0.05). In Hydro-alcoholic extract of seed’s group, insulin level was increased compared with control group (p<0.01). Insulin level was increased in aqueous extract of seed group in comparison with control (p<0.001) and sham (p<0.05) groups. The most effective part of Citrullus colocynthis in treatment of diabetes type II is seed and the most harmful part is crust.

Burned survivors encounter with painful processes and malformations due to injuries. The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between PSTD and defense mechanisms among burn patients. This after event correlative cross-sectional study was performed in 90 hospitalized patients in Velayat center of burn accidents and plastic surgery of Rasht city, Iran in 2011 and 63 patients were selected by random sampling method and entered to research. Demographic characteristics form, Mississipi Post Traumatic Stress Disorder scale and Defense Styles Questionnaire were used for gathering data. Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation and regression analysis tests by using SPSS 16 software. Severity of burn had positive correlation with burned parts of body, PSTD, neurotic and immature defense style and had negative correlation with mature defense style. Burned parts of body also had direct relation with PSTD and PSTD had reversed relation with mature style and had direct relation with neurotic and immature styles. 17.7% of variance of PSTD was predicted by mature defense style, 44.3% by neurotic defense style and 73% by immature defense style variables. There is a relation between severity of burn, PSTD and defense styles.

Pain is a complex sensation that affects the spirit and psychological status and in many cases, using the different drugs for pain relief is required. This study aimed to investigate the effect of alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa root in reducing acute and chronic pain induced by formalin in adult male rats. In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were used that were divided into 5 8membered groups of control, rein, test 1, test 2 and test 3. To cause pain, 0.5ml of 2.5% formalin was injected to the foot of animals subcutaneously. The control group went only under the formalin test. Half an hour before the injection of formalin, the rein group received 1ml of saline and test groups 1, 2 and 3 received doses of 50, 100 and 200mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa roots, respectively. Obtained data was analyzed by using SPSS 18 software and ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. 100 (1.762 ± 0.133) and 200mg/kg (1.550 ± 0.132) of body weight doses of alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa root caused a significant reduction of pain in acute phase in comparison to the control group and 200mg/kg (1.225 ± 0.054) dose of body weight caused a significant reduction of pain in chronic phase in comparison to the control group (1.822 ± 0.114). Alcoholic extract of Brassica rapa root is useful in pain reducing dose-dependently and time-dependently.

Diabetes type II is one of the most common disorders of endocrine system in the world. Recently one hypothesis has been proposed about the role of increased ferritin in occurrence of diabetes type II. The present study investigated serum ferritin levels in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction. In this cross-sectional study on patients in the CCU ward of Imam Reza Hospital of Amol in 2011, 50 patients with diabetes type II and 50 non-diabetic patients amongst patients with acute myocardial infarction were entered in study purposefully. Cell Blood Count, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Ferritin, Iron and TIBC were measured. Data analysis was performed by Chi-square, independent T, one sample T and logistic regression tests using SPSS 20 software. The risk of diabetes in women was 5.56 times more than men. The difference of mean serum ferritin levels between diabetic (170.60±126.36mg/dl) and non-diabetic (164.40±113.42mg/dl) was not statistically significant (p=0.7). But the difference of mean serum Iron levels between diabetic (87.58±35.72mg/dl) and non-diabetic (60.44±20.38mg/dl) patients was statistically significant (p<0.0001). There was no relation between ferritin level of patients with diabetes type II and occurrence of acute myocardial infarction.

For centuries, herbs have been used to avoid disease s. Peptic ulcer is a disease of any part of the stomach or intestines that exposed to acid and activated pepsin. The objective of the present research was to study the effect of Ziziphora clinopodioides aqueous extract on peptic ulcer due to acetic acid in rats. In this experimental study, 60 Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-250g were randomly divided into 4 groups; negative control, positive control, experiment 1 and experiment 2. Initially, rats were operated to give peptic ulcers by acetic acid. A day after stomach ulcer, the experimental groups received Ziziphora clinopodioides aqueous extract for 14 consecutive days and positive control received normal saline. Negative control animals received no substance. Wound healing and fibroblasts, neutrophils and macrophages per unit area were calculated after 14 days. Data was collected using the SPSS 17 software and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and LSD tests. Wound healing in the experimental group compared to the negative control and positive control groups was significantly increased (p<0.05). By passing time, the number of neutrophils and macrophages were increased in experimental groups and the number of fibroblasts was reduced. Ziziphora clinopodioides extract is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer induced by acetic acid.

Diabetes is a world wide health threat and treatment of this disease is very important in medical sciences. The aim of this investigation was to determine the carbonyl and malondialdehyde levels and glutathione peroxides activity in the erythrocytes of diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 24 rats with 180-220g body weight were divided into two control and diabetic groups. Diabetic status was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Malondialdehyde and carbonyl levels and glutathion peroxidase activity were measured by using special kits. Mean and diviation of data were calculated by SPSS 18 software and the difference of two groups was compared by student T test. The mean of malondialdehyde level in erythrocyte of diabetic group (2.27±0.22mmol/mg of protein) was increased compared to control group (1.16±0.15mmol/mg of protein; p<0.05). Mean of carbonyl content in erythrocytes of diabetic group (2.98±0.35 mmol/mg of protein) was increased compared to control group (0.75±0.17mmol/mg of protein; p<0.05). Mean of glutathion peroxidase activity level in erythrolytes of diabetic group (5.73±0.46 m molNADPH/min/mg of protein) was increased compared to control group (2.98±0.33 m molNADPH/min/mg of protein; p<0.05). Mean levels of carbonyl and malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase activity increases in diabetic rats compare to non-diabetic rats.